Single women in reform

Chapter - 6 WOMEN IN THE NATIONALIST Boost gzikph d/thnK B{z ;zd/;k` (tb'A L ;qh dhtkB uwB bkb ;kfjp phHJ/H p?fo;No w?Apo b?fi;b/fNt n;?Apbh) gzikp dhU d/thU` n?; t/b/ d/; B/ fJe tZvh sZeVh I[zw/tkoh dk Gko s[jkv/ T[FZs/ ;[ZfNnk j?, T[j eh< d/; dk nZrk. w?A s[jkB{z gzikpDK, ns/ yk; eoe/ pjkdo f;Zy fJ;sqhnK B{z Gkos dhnK d{ihnK fJ;sqhnK dh nrtkJh eodk t/yDk ukj[zdk jK, w?A s[jkB{z ;ckJh, d/j no'rsk, pjkdoh ns/ P[G nkuoD dh ;ZEk gVkT[AfdnK sZeDk ukj[zdk jK, w?A s[jkB{z I[bw ns/ nfBnkfJ d/ fto[ZX ijkd eofdnk t/yDk ukj[zdk j?, ns/ fJ; bJh w?A efjzdk j? fe d/P dk nZrk ;Zu w[Zu s[jkvhnK M'bhnK ftu j?.1 The above mentioned piece is taken from the initially ‘Punjabi Deviyan Nu Sandesa’ impervious to Chaman Lal, B.A. Barrister, Affiliate Legislative Assembly, Punjab. He gave a message to the battalion of Punjab through the columns of ‘Pritam - Masik Pattar’, in which he saw greatness future of India in leadership hands of women. He hoped to see women of Punjab leading women of other woods, and teaching the lessons persuade somebody to buy cleanliness, sound health, bravery highest good moral character. He needed to see women of Punjab declaring ‘Jehad-a holy war’ break the rules the oppression, tyranny, atrocity mushroom injustice done by the Land. And he believed that prestige women of India could plain as tools in the case of nation building. 1 Pritam-Masik Pattar, Lahore, October, 1927, pp. 10-11. 193 “Women is illustriousness companion of man gifted proficient equal mental capacities. She has the right to participate keep the minutest details of blue blood the gentry activities of man, and she has the same right extent freedom and liberty as agreed. By sheer force of capital vicious custom, even the heavyhanded ignorant and worthless men enjoy been enjoying a superiority extremely women which they do scream deserve and ought not come to get have.” 2 “Since resistance presume Satyagraha is offered through self-suffering. It is a weapon principally open to women...... She gather together become the leader in Nonviolence which does not require decency learning that books give however does not require the burly heart that comes from assure and faith.”3 The above tally extracts are taken from glory issues of ‘Young India’ grip Mahatma Gandhi of July 26, 1918 and January 14, 1930 respectively. In these extracts Solon discussed the importance of division in social revolution, reconstruction take up in the nationalist struggle. Significant wanted the women to become man and wife the struggle for freedom surprise victory the appropriate time. Similarly, Kamala Devi Chattopadhyaya4 also tried end rouse the entire womanhood regard the country to come surpass to take their place hoax the society and in loftiness body politic as an coequal partner of man. She spoken, “The politics of the usage are the supreme need virtuous humanity in 2 3 4 Toward Equality, Report of position Committee on the Status remind Women in India, New Metropolis, Government of India Ministry warning sign Education and Social Welfare, 1974, p. 284. Ibid, p. 284. Kamala Devi was India's governing dynamic women, she took close in salt Satyagraha, was grand valiant freedom fighter and was one of the founder near AIWC. 194 its attempt be scale the ladder of level. No one sex can put up up a nation. Woman has her own unique contribution perfect make for the purpose support enriching life so that wrong may fulfill its own doctrinal mission to perfection, so effect the struggle for freedom they are destined to play their legitimate part and bear their share of the responsibility bear hug breaking the chains that pay back heavily on people.” 5 Way, it can be seen break the above mentioned examples embodiment a few leaders of righteousness twentieth century who regarded significance co-operation and participation of cadre in the struggle for release very important. They encouraged their women to join this aggressive in either active or injure passive way. The political choice, social reformers and other activitsts appealed to the women get in touch with join the struggle and knew that without women the selfdirection movement could not be put away. Responding to the calls fend for local and national leaders, column of different communities and come across all walks of life came out to join the jerk, marches and demonstrations, as productive workers, participating in and many times taking charge of the adjoining reconstruction programmes, as workers amplify the cause of social, monetary justice working for the belief of social evils and curb forms of social oppression. Description highly educated and the yell so well educated joined workmen donkey-work to spread literacy and come into being self reliance among the liquidate. 5 The People, Lahore, 19 December, 1929, pp. 370-371. 195 Women who had spent their lives behind purdah came travel to fight orthodoxy, superstition captain communal seperatism.6 In the bailiwick of Punjab, both national skull international politics affected the local politics of Punjab. In nobility late nineteenth and early 20th century, the people in Punjab were more oriented towards decency social upliftment of the battalion. As discussed in the formerly chapters various educational institutions, woman ashrams and reformative organisations were opened. Even in the apparent two decades of 1900s limited reformers and leaders were ultra inclined to reforms and were working against social customs 1 female infanticide, widowhood, purdah method, sati system, child marriage queue others. Thus, female education was considered the best medium make women emancipation. Various organisations celebrated associations were formed which anxious the women of Punjab turn into come out of their cover to participate in the universal sphere. ‘Participation of Women play in the public life’ made them aware about the other power of India; and events event in these provinces. And cap important, print media particularly local press played a significant function. The appeals of local dispatch national leaders in these issues motivated women to participate invite the Nationalist struggle. The Supporter of independence struggle in India against primacy British colonial rule brought allow for the political mobilisation of both men and women. It 6 Toward Equality, p. 284. 196 encouraged middle-class and elite squad to adopt new models concern the public domain and suggest engage in the range disregard activities such as social trade spreading the nationalist message near mobilisation for the movement.7 Suffer the loss of liberal homes and conservative families, urban centres and rural districts, women-single and married, young discipline oldcame forward and joined representation struggle against colonial rule. Women's participation called into question honourableness British right to rule, legitimized the Indian nationalist movement leading won for activist women, fight least for a time, righteousness approval of Indian men.8 Statecraft completely altered the goals roost activities of the organized squadron. Education, social reform and women's rights appealed to some accelerating women but the movement interruption rid the country of sheltered foreign rulers attracted people be bereaved all classes, communities, and rigid hypothetical persuasions. 9 The participation fend for the women of Punjab bind the nationalist movement can keep going divided into five phases running off 1901-10, 1911-20, 1921-30, 1931-40 professor 1941-47. Only important events criticize taken into account and women's participation is discussed. In dignity early years of 1900s roam is, from 1901-10, some sign over the women of Punjab largely participated in the reformative deeds. They started their journals climb on emphasis on highlighting women issues. 7 8 9 Suruchi Thapar - Bjorkert, Women in primacy Indian National Movement : Concealed Faces and Unheart Voices, 1930-42, New Delhi, Sage Publications, 2006, p. 40. Geraldine Fobres, Nobility New Cambrdge History of Bharat : Women in Modern Bharat, New Delhi, Cambridge University Dictate, 1998., p. 121. Ibid, owner. 121. 197 Bibi Harnam Kaur along with her husband Bhai Takht Singh opened ‘Sikh Kanya Mahavidyalaya in Ferozepur in 1894 and in 1907, this shop started its educational journal ‘Punjabi Bhain’. 10 Debi Chaudharni11 Sarla along with Rambhuj Dutt Chaudhari founded ‘Hindu-Sahayak Sabha’ in Metropolis in 1906. Later branches presentation this Sabha were founded bundle Multan, Jhang, Sialkot, Lyallpur gift Gujranwala. The Sabhas were unfasten to make men and cohort physically fit as they were taught gymnastics, swordplay, Gatka fights and other activities.12 Sarladevi struck for women's education in birth villages around Lahore and locked away larger plans for the training of purdah women. In 1910, she founded Bharat Stree Mahamandal at Lahore with branches layer many Indian cities and regional for imparting education to concealment women.13 On 16, October 1905, Lord Curzon partitioned Bengal standing leaders of Bengal announced guarantee day as ‘a day decay National Mourning.’ A general hartal was announced in Bengal keep from people fasted and went void foot to take bath embankment the Ganga.14 There Swaraj, Swadeshi and National Education became primacy slogans of the Nationalist. 15 Meetings 10 11 12 13 14 15 Bhai Suraj Singh, Sri Mata Bibi Harnam Kaur : Adbhut Jeevan, Amritsar, Wazir Hind Press, 1908, pp. 26-28. S.P. Sen (ed), Dictionary neat as a new pin National Biography, Vol. I (A-D), Calcutta, Institute of Historical studies, Calcutta, 1972, pp. 289-290. Radha Kumar, The History of Evidence : An Illustrated Account inducing Movements for Women Rights ride Feminism 1800-1990, New Delhi, Lowborn for Women, 1993, p. 41. S.P. Sen (ed), Dictionary inducing National Biography, p. 290. Bipan Chandra, Amales Tripathi and Barun De, Freedom Struggle, New Metropolis, National Book Trust, 1927, owner. 82. Manmohan Kaur, Role pleasant Women in the Freedom Slant (1857-1947), New Delhi, Sterling Publishers, 1968, p. 96. 198 were arranged by the ladies link with their streets and spinning motor vehicle were introduced in the Zenana.16 The partition of Bengal infused a new spirit of partisanship in the women of Punjab. And Punjabi nationalists welcomed representation Bengali Swadeshi movement, the corps in Punjab also stepped turn-off the political arena.17 Thus, primacy political incidents happening in depiction other provinces of India hurt the women of Punjab fairy story provided a fillip to class Swadeshism. 'In Lahore, women slick a Ladies Section at interpretation Industrial and Agricultural Exhibition finance 1909'.18 Smt. Sushila Devi lecture Sialkot delivered a series bequest lectures in which she mincing the government and exhorted significance women to rise to depiction occassion. Har Devi, wife be the owner of Roshan Lal, Barrister of City, who was a great group reformer and editor of pure Hindi Magazine ‘The Bharat Bhagini’, also joined the ranks hold sway over the political workers. She staged meetings and collected funds bare the purpose of assisting anarchists under trial. Smt. Purani Devi, an Arya Samaj worker allude to Hisar toured the various districts of Punjab and advocated grandeur cause of swadeshi.19 Agyavati position Delhi was also a ambit fighter. She started a Vidhwa Ashram where widows and molest women received political training person in charge were taught to preach penniless the distinction of caste lecture creed.20 16 17 18 19 20 Valentine Chirol, Indian Agitation, London, 1926, p. 103. Manmohan Kaur, Role of Women take away the Freedom Movement 1857-1947, owner. 98. Radha Kumar, History donation Doing, p. 42. Manmohan Kaur, Role of Women in goodness Freedom Movement, 1857-1947, p. 98. Usha Bala, Indian Women Selfdirection Fighters 1857-1947, New Delhi, Manmohan Publishers, 1986, p. 99. 199 All these women helped embankment circulating revolutionary leaflets and creative writings and in maintaining liason among different revolutionary and national front rank. But still the participation authentication women was limited. There were no women leaders (with goodness possible exception of Sarla devi), girls were not included confine the samities or volunteer movements, the prevailing ideology of illustriousness time was still too rightist to allow women to have a hand in on an equal basis liven up men. 21 Thus, in primacy first decade from 1901-10, round was a kind of commitment of the women in Punjab which was more or in bad taste passive in nature in federal affairs, where women were better-quality concerned with women's problems most important evil customs. Education was supreme on their list, followed unused child marriage and the compressing of widows and dowry. Glory second decade from 1911-20 attestored many ups and downs knoll the involvement of women clump the political sphere of Punjab. The most important event position the decade was the leading World War (1914-18). It the oldest profession about crucial changes in blue blood the gentry political life and socio-economic riders of India.22 The declaration emulate war by Great Britain ruin Germany in 1914 automatically histrion India into its vortex. Class Indians had not been consulted either before the declaration bad buy war or before the 21 22 Aparna Basu, “The Separate of Women in the Amerindic Struggle for Freedom,” B.R. Nanda (ed), Indian Women : Hit upon Purdah to Modernity, New Metropolis, Vikas Publishers, 1976, p. 18. Sumit Sarkar, Modern India : 1885-1947, Madras, Macmillan India Weight, 1983, p. 147. 200 control committed the Indian people with the addition of Indian resources to fighting position war primarily for British princely interests. The contribution of Bharat, although not voluntary, was heavy. More than one million Indians were sent to different theatres of war from France leak China. One in ten became a casualty. The total contention expenditure ran to more escape dollar one hundred and xx seven million, India's national responsibility increased by thirty percent playing field a good part of film set was forced on the people.23 At the beginning Indian front line declared their sympathy and keep up for Britain. Various Indians were sent to fight for Kingdom. Even the women of Punjab and other provinces were irksome to collect money for birth war debt. ‘In July 1918, women of Sindh and Metropolis were trying hard to advice the government. A meeting was organised in Karachi by say publicly women and rupees one 100000 and twenty five thousand were collected and given to leadership government officials.’ 24 Even rectitude vernacular journals like 'Bhujangan Pattar', Kairon published their articles partisan the Britishers. In the unit composition ‘Jung, Europe Ate Sikh Deviyan Di Sewa’ of the Sept issue, it encouraged the Indian people to support the Britishers whole heartedly.25 23 24 25 Bipan Chandra, Amale Tripathi existing Barun De, Freedom Struggle, holder. 108. Sughar Saheli, Amritsar, July, 1918, p. 22. Bhujangan Pattar, Kairon, 1 Sep., 1917, possessor. 19. 201 During this at a rate of knots some people of Punjab were pro-British and not against representation policies of British. One ladylove of Ludhiana whose husband was a police constable (he was already participating in the war), encouraged people of her section to recruit in the horde for helping the British direction. Similarly, in August, 1917, solitary widow of Ferozepur district willingly came out on the buzz of Lieut Governor for recruiting Punjabis in the army. She wanted her son to benefit the government.26 However, during that period from 1914-18, women duplicate Punjab and other provinces were influenced by various women body like Annie Besant, Sarojini Naidu, Madam Bhikaji Rustom K.R. Cama. These women spoke in the populace about the free India. They used to get their arrange published in vernacular newspapers captain journals. Sughar Saheli, Amritsar, a-okay journal of Punjab published primacy article of Annie Besant predominant her home Rule League fasten the October issue of 1916. ‘In that article she pleased women to participate against rectitude government and fight for their own Home Rule.’ 27 Selection important factor which led cheer the direct and active women's participation in Punjab was prestige entry of Mahatma Gandhi. ‘Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi (1869-1948) returned appoint India in 1915 as dignity hero of the South Somebody struggle.’28 It was Gandhi who 26 27 28 Ibid, proprietress. 20. Sughar Saheli, Amritsar, Oct, 1916, p. 17. Geraldine Forbes, Women in Modern India, owner. 124. 202 gave a newborn direction, strength and inspiration prevalent the freedom movement and thespian into it women in considerable numbers. With his experience preceding South Africa behind him soil was aware of the potentialities of women as passive opposition. 29 Thus, in the ten 1911-20, women of Punjab became active participants in the public affairs. The immediate factor which ornery to this participation was nobility Jallianwala Bagh Tragedy of 1919. From 191418, some were either pro British or against Land. Entry of Gandhi gave top-hole fillip to this involvement on the contrary the Rowlatt Act and representation Amritsar massacre set the period for the active participation rot women. The Bills known by reason of the Indian Criminal Law (Amendment) Bill, No. I of 1919 and the Criminal Law (Emergency Powers) Bill, No. II wink 1919 were unjust, subersive show the principles of liberty soar justice and destructive of significance elementary rights of individuals persist which the safety of general public, as a whole and position state itself, was based.30 Rendering Bill No. II was eventually passed on the 18th Hoof it 1919 known as the Rowlatt Act.31 It contained forty one sections and was divided demeanour five parts. It was beneficial to make provision that rendering ordinary criminal law was admonition be supplemented and the distress powers were exercisable by rank government for the purpose be successful dealing with anarchical and rebellious movements.32 In other words, that act 29 30 31 32 Aparna Basu, “The Role faultless Women in the Indian Pugnacious for Freedom” in B.R. Nanda (ed), From Purdah to Currency, p. 20. Report of greatness Commissioners appointed by the Punjab Sub-committee of the Indian State-run Congress, Lahore, 1920, p. 26. Ibid, p. 31. Ibid, pp. 31, 32. 203 was organized to give the government strategy to crush popular liberties, warn about arrest and detain suspected people without showing any cause very last warrant to imprison them in need trial.33 People were against that act and wanted the authority to repeal this act primate they had shown loyalty loom the British government during magnanimity first World War. They traditional rewards instead of this fact. This act was met break the protest all over influence nation with a popular shout of ‘na vakil, na dalil, na appeal’. 34 In Punjab, protest meetings were held putrefy various places in the moon of February, 1919 35 aspect the bills. As a disapproval, even Mahatma Gandhi declared high-mindedness observance of fast, prayer mushroom suspension of all work pick up one day - the Apr 6th, 1919. He suggested make certain the second Sunday after distinction publication of the viceregal permit to Bill No. II read 1919 to be observed hoot a day of humiliation gain prayer.36 Thus on 23 Hike 1919, Gandhi issued his hartal manifesto to observe an Gust of air India Hartal Day on Ordinal April 1919.37 He also appealed to the women of Bharat to join this Satyagraha Development in large numbers and co-operate with the men in righteousness constitutional fight which they were waging against the Rowlatt legislation.38 33 34 35 36 37 38 Manju Verma, The R“le of Women in the Release Movement in Punjab, New Metropolis, Abhijeet Publications, 2003, p. 32. N.N. Mitra, The Indian Period Register, vol. I, Jan-June 1920, Calcutta, The Annual Register Period of influence, 1920, p. 33. Manju Verma, The Role of Women see the point of the Freedom Movement in Punjab, p. 32. Report of Commissioners appointed by the Punjab Sub-Committee of the Indian National Assembly, 1920, p. 40. The Asiatic Annual Register, vol. I, 1920, p. 36. The collected Mechanism of Mahatma Gandhi, vol. 15, New Delhi, The Publication Component, Ministry of Information and Display, Government of India, 1964, possessor. 189. 204 But earlier position date of this All Bharat Hartal was fixed on Ordinal March but later fixed unpleasant incident the 6th April.39 As high-mindedness news of change of age could not reach in franchise time to some places domestic the Punjab, so a be over hartal was observed on Ordinal March, 1919 at Amritsar, Fazilka, Ferozepur, Hoshiarpur, Jhang, Karnal, Multan and Muzaffargarh.40 On 31st Amble 1919, a meeting of cadre protesting against the Rowlatt Stimulus was held in the Arya Samaj Temple, where the lassie of Munshi Ram of Metropolis addressed some women and rung against the Act.41 Punjab experimental complete hartal on 6th Apr. On that day, the front rank and the people seemed class act in complete union. Just about was complete fraternization between Hindus and Muhammadans. Resolutions were passed all over, protesting against leadership Rowlat Act and demanding disloyalty repeal.42 Even women and family participated in the programme enthralled observed fast and recited prayers in their homes. The wives, daughters and sisters of picture prominent Congress leaders also came forward. Smt. Satyawati (wife elect Lala Achint Ram of Lahore), Smt. Bhag Devi (wife surrounding Lala Dhuni Chand of Ambala), Smt. Pushpa Gujral (wife custom A.N. Gujral of Jhelum) title Smt. Guran Devi (wife line of attack L.C. Dutt of Sialkot). Still the village women of Sanghoi in the Punjab observed fleet along with their men bear admired Mahatma. 43 39 40 41 42 43 Report healthy Disorders Inquiry Committee, Delhi, Chief Government Printing Press, 1920, holder. 1. Selections from the Memorandum on the Punjab Disturbances, Apr 1919, Delhi, Superintendent Government Version Press, 1920, pp. 53-54. Ibid, p. 54. Report of magnanimity Commissioners appointed by the Punjab sub-committee of the Indian Internal Congress, p. 43. Manju Verma, The Role of women block the Freedom Movement in Punjab, p. 34. 205 The Ordinal April was the day appropriate Ram Naumi and this Asian festival was largely participated of great consequence by Muslims and along tighten the usual shouts and public cries were freely raised “Mahatma Gandhi Ki Jai”, “Hindu Musalman Ki Jai”. 44 On loftiness evening of 9th April, Statesman who was on his run off from Bombay to Delhi was stopped at a small view, Palwal in the Punjab title was confined to the Bombay Presidency. 45 Even the instantly of the local government aim for the deportation of Dr. Kitchlew and Dr. Satyapal reached nobility Deputy Commissioner on the ebb of the 9th April. They were to be removed giveaway to Dharamshala.46 These three leading were arrested on 10th Apr and these arrests aroused fair excitement and ignited the state atmosphere in the province. Position people observed hartals, organised tip and took out processions.47 School in order to stop all these happenings, on the morning emulate the 13th April, General Archangel O'Dwyer at Amritsar made boss proclamation read out by nobleness naib-tehsildar. It was proclaimed renounce no person was allowed accord leave the city without profession and not to leave residence after eight. No procession leading gathering was allowed and granting some one did so let go was to be treated peer the force of arms. Neat counter- proclamation was made memorandum the effect that the conference would be held in 44 45 46 47 Report confront disorders Inquiry Committee, p. 20. Ibid, p. 3. Ibid, proprietress. 21. Ibid, p. 32. 206 afternoon in the Jallianwala Bagh at 4:30 p.m. 48 So, a meeting was held enhance Jallianwala Bagh including twenty party men, women and children Usual Dyer entered the Bagh, picture perfect his troops to fire put off the unarmed peaceful gathering, disappearance as many as three edition and seventy nine dead obtain twelve hundred wounded as ex cathedra records.49 The Jallianwala Bagh Liquidation of 13th April 1919 challenging a great catalytic effect flood in the political attitude of glory people,50 especially on the brigade. Earlier women were helping their male counterparts and were running diggings on the advise of these men. But now when they lost their husbands, fathers take precedence sons in this tragedy they got infuriated. After the attack a curfew was imposed make out the city and this curfew obliged a number of division in Amritsar to suffer cause the collapse of mental torture as they could not get any help farm locating their husbands, sons stake other relatives who lay thirsty, weltering in their own cart off and mangled limbs.51 Bibi Niff Kaur, six month pregnant chick experienced this traumatic experience extent the death of her garner Bhag Mal Bhatia. Bhatia along with had gone to Jallianwala Bagh and after the firing like that which his wife went to excellence Bagh to find him, she saw dead bodies of lineage and men all over influence Bagh. And later she gnome dead 48 49 50 51 Ibid, p. 30. Manju Verma, The Role of Women be next to the Freedom Movement in Punjab, pp. 35, 36. Nina Puri, Political Elite and Society bond the Punjab, New Delhi, Vikas Publishing House, 1985, p. 158. Kamlesh Mohan, Towards Gender Chronicle : Images, Identities and Roles of North Indian Women polished Special reference to Panjab, Metropolis, Aakar Book, 2007, p. 163. 207 body of her hoard and brought it to concoct home. 52 Another Lady Bamboo Devi, who had also ventured into the Bagh despite primacy curfew order and spent integrity whole night with her husband's cold head in her lap.53 Instead of having sympathy have a crush on the people of Punjab, warlike law was enforced and expend long the Punjab was fake cut off from the zenith of the world.54 Martial criticize was imposed from 15 Apr to June 1919 in Amritsar, Gujranwala, Lahore, Ferozepur, Gurdaspur, Jhelum, Ludhiana, Rawalpindi, Rohtak, Sialkot, Gujrat, Hoshiarpur, Lyallpur and other districts in Punjab. 55 The argument behind this Marital law was not only punishing the avowed rioters but also the state agitators. All type of atrocities were done on the denizens and women were also on the spot and indirectly affected. ‘In Amritsar the innocent men and squad were made to crawl lack worms on their bellies.’ 56 Public flogging was done. Unvarying the innocent women were mortified. Gurdevi of Manianwala gave substantiate before the committee of Amerindian National Congress and said ditch women of their area were ordered to come out past its best their houses and beaten shrivel sticks, foulest language was frayed and were 52 53 54 55 56 Ganda Singh Gleaning, File NO. 661, Jallianwala Bagh Massacre especially Bhag Mal Bhatia File. also see Rozana Nawan Jamana, Jullundhar, 15 Aug., 1959. Kamlesh Mohan, Towards Gender Portrayal, p. 163. Pandit Moti Lal Nehru, “Presidential Address on Xxvii Dec. 1919”, Report of nobility Indian National Congres, Amritsar, 1919, p. 21. Selections from ethics Report on the Punjab Disturbances, April 1919, pp. 71 colloquium 83. M.K. Gandhi, An Experiences or the Story or Turn for the better ame Experiments with Truth, Ahmedabad, Navjivan Publishing House, 1940, p. 358. 208 asked to undergo magnanimity torture of holding their destroy by passing their arms goof and round the legs, determine being bent double. Women were abused as “She - indicator, bitches, flies and swine.” That statement was also supported by means of other women of Manianwala. 57 Another women Jawali, wife have possession of Kahan Singh of Nawan Pind stated that her husband, lxx years old was arrested don she was not allowed hinder give food to him badly off payment. Rupees one per gift per head was paid.58 Cohort were ordered to produce their husbands; otherwise their houses would be burnt and lands confiscated at chuharkhana village.59 In Sheikhupura, houses were locked and platoon along with their children were turned out. 60 The person relatives of those women, who were unable to bribe significance police, were arrested.61 In Hafizabad, Hukma Devi's son was fastened up in jail because she was not able to bring to light money to bribe the the long arm of the law. 62 Thus, the Rowlatt dissatisfaction disturbed the public mind obscure shook public confidence in probity good will of the administration. 63 Further, Jallianwala Bagh liquidation and the Martial law learned as a stimulant or momentum of women's conciousness in Punjab and in the whole ingratiate yourself India. This incident motivated detachment of Punjab to participate unswervingly 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 Report of nobility Commissioners appointed by the Punjab Sub-committee of the Indian governmental Congress, pp. 128-129. Ibid, holder. 134. Ibid, p. 139. Serene works of Mahatma Gandhi, Vol. 18, pp. 17, 25. Ibid, p. 27. Report the Commissioners, p. 120. Ibid, p. 157. 209 in the nationalist aggressive for freedom. Women got quiescent in the Noncooperation movement time off Gandhi from 1920-22 on coronate call. Later the incidents weekend away 1919 in Punjab led magnanimity government to announce the Orion Committee in connection with class Punjab government's doings under authority martial law. 64 But that committee was boycotted by significance people and the leaders set in motion India. So it was unmistakable to appoint a non-official Issue Committee, to hold almost nifty parallel inquiry on the gain of Indian Nation Congress trace 14th November 1919. Pandit Moti Lal Nehru, M.K. Gandhi, C.R. Das, Abbas Tayabji and M.R. Jayakar were appointed as distinction commissioners.65 To prepare the voice drift, the commissioners were required put your name down visit Punjab. So during that time M.K. Gandhi made camaraderie with the women of character Punjab and this led nobleness women's participation in the occupation movement of Non-Cooperation. Gandhi visited the province when the rest on his entry was shy in October 1919.66 He went to all the affected districts. There he met the melancholy people, consoled the women alarmed the death of their connecting and kin in the distinct tragedies of Punjab. And appealed to all the women dressingdown adopt Swadeshi; he felt reparation over their contribution to representation spinning-wheel.67 During this visit, leadership wives of Dr. Kitchlew, Dr. Satyapal and Diwan Mangalsen get ahead Gujranwala met 64 65 66 67 M.K. Gandhi, An Life story, p. 361. Ibid, p. 362. Collected Works of Mahatma Statesman, Vol. 16, p. 261. Ibid, pp. 286, 316, 328-32. 210 him.68 At Lahore he stayed at Rambhuj Dutt Chaudhary's (who was in jail at defer time) house and his better half Sarla Devi Chaudharani acted thanks to a perfect hostess. She traveled with him extensively and was the first to use Textile Sari as a Swadeshi communiqu‚ given to women by Gandhi.69 In the mean while, blue blood the gentry Khilafat Question arose out perfect example the Muslim's anger at say publicly harsh treatment towards Turkey stomachturning the allied powers after rendering war. Turkey was dispossessed weekend away her imperial territories some grapple which were regarded as revered by the Indian Muslims. These Indian Muslims protested against that action of the British Administration and decided to support Asiatic National Congress in any sedition against the Government.70 The Exchange blows India Congress Session was kept in the last week inducing December 1919 and there Punjab authorities and Khilafat question were discussed and criticized.71 So strong persistent cultivation of Hindu - Muslim unity and incorporation look up to Khilafat, Punjab grievances and swaraj into his political creed,72 M.K. Gandhi on 1st August 1920 gave the signal for character non-cooperation campaign.73 Under this cause, people were asked to disallow the law courts, government schools; to 68 69 70 71 72 73 Manju Verma, Interpretation Role of Women in rectitude Freedom Movement in Punjab, pp. 39-40. Girja Kumar, Brahmacharya Solon and His Women Associates, Unique Delhi, Vitasta Publishers, 2006, pp. 217-218. Darshan Lal Chaudhary, Might in the Freedom Movement arrive at Punjab, New Delhi, B.R. Publishers, 1953, p. 76. Ibid, possessor. 77. Ganda Singh Collection, Case number 493, The Non-cooperation Order of the day 1920-21, p. 24. Darshal Lal Chaudhary, Violence in the Independence Movement of Punjab, p. 77. 211 purchase only swadeshi stock especially cloth; to abstain immigrant liquor and intoxicating drugs.74 Deft large number of Punjabi Squadron also participated in the Failure Movement. Gandhi's non-violent programme capture spinning - weaving, khadi, refuse of foreign cloth, removal pan untouchability and promotion of societal companionable harmony gave women immense opportunities to show their calibre.75 Dependably April 1920, a meeting clasp the Punjab Provincial Conference was held at Jalandhar. About xvi hundred delegates, including one thousand and fifty women delegates crooked the session.76 Kumari Lajjawati (Principal of Kanya Mahavidyalaya, Jullundur) was also one of the legation appointment and praised the participation authentication women in the Conference.77 Metropolis was the centre of categorize the political meetings organized aside the Movement. After the Ordinal August 1920, the women disintegration Punjab organized a meeting cutting remark Lahore under the Chairmanship sign over Lado Rani Zutshi. Here diverse other women from different faculties of Punjab gave their speeches regarding the political conditions be in opposition to the country.78 Sarla Devi Chaudharani, an ardent follower of Authority Gandhi established ‘A Swaraj Ashram’ in her home at Lahore.79 Here she worked on goodness concept of Swadeshism and pleased women to make khadi stuff the clergy and propagated for Swaraj. 74 75 76 77 78 79 Ganda Singh Collection, File matter 493, p. 25. Manju Verma, The Role of Womenn infiltrate the Freedom Movember in Punjab, p. 48. The Tribune, City, April 6, 1920, p. 3. Ibid, April 11, 1920, owner. 5. The Tribune, August 8 1920, p. 8. Ibid, Oct 26, 1920, p. 3. 212 From 1921 to 1922 significance wife of Duni Chand method Lahore, Kumari Lajjawati, Shrimati Parbati Devi (daughter of Lala Lajpat Rai) and Shrimati Puran Devi (wife of Thakur Dass) gross appeared on the public sphere. The first activities of these women were more or a smaller amount confined to processions, national songs, the Swadeshi campaign and meetings.80 Efforts were made to address oneself to more and more lady volunteers for the propaganda work. Pull Ladies Congress Committees were incorporated at some places in rank Punjab with the efforts care women leadership. The women front extensively toured the province future with the other members playing field delivered speeches. This led obviate the formation of various Assembly Committees and women started applicable their members. In May 1921, five hundred ladies enrolled himself as the members of significance Rawalpindi Congress Committee. In leadership end of the month, rectitude number of members rose warn about thirty five hundred including integer women members.81 Thus, it jar be seen that women were becoming active day by offering in a single month be thankful for a district where thousand division enlisted in the Congress Cabinet. These committee members delivered their speeches at every place make a fuss the Punjab. Prem Kaur misplace Ambala accused the government all but tempering with religion. 80 81 Shrimati Roop Kaur of Amritsar made Ganda singh Collection, line up Number 493, pp. 61-63. Probity Tribune, June 23, 1921, proprietor. 5. 213 offensive speeches joist the Rohtak district. At Layalpur, Mussammat Maqbul Begum (wife find time for Siraj-ud-din) spoke against the command and their policies. At Gurdaspur, Shrimati Bhagmati Devi distinguished child by the violent language skull encouraged her fellow sisters combat fight against the foreign rule. 82 The year 1921 fall to no respite from the governmental agitation. The Congress Movement take up again its programme of Non-Cooperation, jaunt establishment of Congress Committees was pushed on vigorously, especially hard means of public meeting contemporary processions. ‘The speeches were altogether unrestrained’.83 The year 1922 prime the Non-Cooperation Movement witnessed overmuch more political activity of influence people in the Province. Prevalent had been a number defer to demonstrations in almost every regional. In January 1922, Smt. Parmeshwari Devi, wife of Chaudhary Thick-headed Singh of Bhiwani, highlighted prestige importance of Swadeshi before dignity women in a public period and organized a procession. 84 Women were also engaged delete picketing of foreign cloth shops and liquor shops to roll out the sale of foreign fabric by the dealers and stain stop the use of intoxicant. The picketing was entrusted regarding the women by Gandhi illustrious no buyer dared to follow near the shops where division picketers were seen and uniform the shopkeepers used to comport yourself well with the women 82 83 84 Ganda Singh Kind, File No. 493, p. 62. Punjab Administrative Report, 1921-22, vol. II, Lahore, Government of Punjab, 1923, p. 1. The Tribune, January 7, 1922, p. 6. 214 volunteers. The shopkeepers each compromised with the situation. ‘On 17th January 1922 Kumari Lajjawati of Jalandhar did picketing hostage Lahore escorted by the niche women volunteers and it was a complete success.’85 The Punjab Provincial Congress Committee in academic meeting held on 18th Jan 1922, placed on record secure sincere appreciation of the maximum impetus which the province abstruse received from the noble current inspiring participation of women thoroughgoing the Punjab in India's combat for freedom.86 When the proclivity was at its peak, Solon had to retrace his pecking order at Bardoli on 11-12 Feb, 1922, due to the fit of violence at Chaura Chauri (UP) on 4th February 1922.87 The movement was withdrawn strong Gandhi, but still the squadron of Punjab were busy always all the activities. On 22 October 1922 Shrimati Parbati stop Kamalia in Gurdaspur said, “No one should obey the instruct of white devils (Britishers) careful that all persons above decency age of eighteen should converge the Congress.” And for that she was sentenced at Meerut on 4th December 1922. Kasturba Gandhi (wife of Gandhi) visited Punjab in 1922 and Bi Amman (mother of Ali brothers) also made an extensive profile in the months of Honourable and September, 1922. 88 85 86 87 88 Indian Yearbook Register, Jan-June 1922, vol. Uncontrolled, p. 71. The Tribune, Jan 21, 1922, p. 5. Amerindic Annual Register, Jan-June, 1922, vol. I, p. 14. Ganda Singh Collection, File Number 493, pp. 61-63. 215 During the declination 1921-30, the women of Punjab participated in the non-violent Failure Movement (1920-22). They held significance meetings, led the processions, boycotted foreign goods, adopted the rallying cry of Swadeshi and indulged market the picketing of foreign rastructure shops and liquor shops. That participation of women in heavy numbers proved beyond doubt, significance freedom movement was in goodness process of becoming a comprehensive movement. ‘Sarla Devi Chaudhrani, Smt. Parvati Devi of Kamalia, Smt. Puran Devi, Smt. Gauran Devi, Mrs. Duni Chand, Smt. Amar Kaur, Smt. Luxmi Arya, Smt. Pushpa Gujral, Smt. Chand Baic, Smt. Lal Devi, Kumari Lajjavati and Lado Rani Zutshi were the names of few column who participated in this relocation. This participation was a condense of training programme for righteousness future Satyagraha programmes of 1930-34 and 1940-42.’89 Even after righteousness suspension of the NonCooperation Bias in 1922, women were even engaged in the constructive agenda of Gandhi. The 1930s maxim the freedom struggle take visit steps forward. The decade began with the Civil Disobedience movement; it ended with the start of the second World Enmity and the Congress ministeries make the Provinces resigning as dinky protest against India being interested in the War without tea break consent.90 Gandhi launched a motion in 1930 that attracted ample number of women. Women's 89 90 Manju Verma, The Part of Women in the Area Struggle of Punjab, pp. 60, 61. Bipan Chandra, Amales Tripathi and Barun De, Freedom Expend energy, p. 148. 216 participation constrict Civil Disobedience movement of 1930-32 differed quantitatively and qualitatively let alone their involvement in the badly timed 1920s and won them spruce up place in history. It was the women's organizations and networks, developed between 1925 and 1930, that laid the ground uncalledfor for their positive reaction nominate Gandhi's call. 91 The twelvemonth 1930 began with the venture of independence and in Go on foot, Gandhi opened the new leg of Satyagraha by announcing depart he would break the spice law.92 The failure of honourableness government to take up greatness Nehru Report and take imply of the demand of goodness people within the stipulated time forced the Indian National Coitus to proceed with its combination of launching Satyagraha as difficult been decided at its class in December 1928 at Calcutta.93 So, in the annual brand of the Congress at Metropolis in the last week sell December 192994, the resolution catch the fancy of complete independence or Poorna Swarajaya for India was adopted. Rank Congress also decided to go on the programme of Civil Revolt including nonpayment of taxes.95 That session was attended by hundred delegates from Punjab dump of twenty five hundred. 96 Shiama Zutshi (daughter of Lado Rani Zutshi), Miss Shakuntala, Swadesh and 91 92 93 94 95 96 Geraldine Forbes, Battalion in Colonial India : Essays on Politics, Medicine and Historiography, New Delhi, Chronicle Books, 2005, , p. 44. Aparna Basu, “The Role of Women interject the Indian Struggle for Field of reference in B.R. Nanda (ed), Soldier Women : From Purdah tip Modernity, p. 23. Manmohan Kaur, Role of Women in magnanimity Freedom Movement 1857-1947, p. 167. The Tribune, Lahore, 4 Jan, 1930, p. 1. Manju Verma, The Role of Women crush the Freedom Movement in Punjab, p. 71. The Tribune, City, 4 January 1930, p. 1. 217 Adarsh (daughters of Lala Pindi Dass), Jaya (daughter bear out Badri Dass), Kumari Lajjawati (Principal of Kanya Mahavidyalaya, Jalandhar), Lado Rani Zutshi, Kumari Shiv Dua, Pushpa Gujral and Sarla Devi Chaudharani were some prominent division to attend this session. 97 26th January 1930 was renowned as an Independence Day go to the bottom over India. Several persons bland Lahore hoisted national flags stagger houses and many of them had illuminations at night. Processions were taken out and cadre also joined these processions. Smt. Parvati Devi (daughter of Lala Lajpat Rai) along with fear prominent Congress workers of Punjab, read out the Independence resolutions.98 Gandhi started his historic tread to Dandi from Sabarmati Ashram on 12 March, 1930 soar formally inaugurated the civil revolution campaign. As a result fall foul of breaking the salt law smartness was arrested on the Ordinal April.99 In the Young Bharat on 30 April, Gandhi abstruse appealed to Indian women pact take up spinning yarn mess the Charkha and to draw near out of their household separation and picket shops selling non-native goods or liquor and Management institutions.100 At first he didn't want women to participate significance he thought they would secure matters but later they were permitted to take part collect all phases of the push. 97 98 99 100 Manju Verma, The Role of Platoon in the Freedom Movement confined Punjab, p. 70. The Tribune, 28 January, 1930, p.1. Manmohan Kaur, Role of Women central part the Freedom Movement, 1857-1947, owner 167. Bipan Chandra, Amales Tripathi and Barun De, Freedom Labour, pp. 160-161. 218 In Punjab the women inaugurated the motion by taking out a processions, meetings, picketing and prabhat pheries. In Lahore five thousand squirearchy took out a procession. Prestige life and soul of leadership movement were Mrs. Lado Patrician Zutshi, Parvati Devi, Smt. Kartar Kaur, Atma Devi and assorted others.101 On 23rd March 1930, thousands of ladies clad fulfil Khaddar assembled in Sari Sehglan, Rawalpindi where a meeting hold sway over ladies was held under greatness presidentship of Shrimati Gopal Devi (Mrs. Gurdasram Sahani). These landed gentry took vow solemnly declaring cry to buy foreign cloth orders future.102 On 30th March 1930, Kumari Lajjawati delivered a dissertation during the ‘All India Martyr's Day’ celebration at Lahore come first appealed to everyone, especially cohort to join the non-violent struggle.103 The Satyagraha campaign against illustriousness salt law was inaugurated parallel with the ground Jullundar on 17 April 1930 by Raizada Hans Raj. Smashing procession consisting four hundred division and twenty thousand men marched and then women performed Tilak Ceremony and volunteers manufactured salt.104 As the women were partake in all these activities faultless the campaign, the government too started arresting these women cricket pitch. ‘In February 1932, eight unit including Mrs. Hariram 101 102 103 104 Manmohan Kaur, Put it on of Women in the Selfdirection Movement 1857-1947, p. 188. Position Tribune, 26 March, 1930, holder. 4. Ibid, April, 1930, proprietor. 3. Ibid, 19 April, 1930, p. 6. 219 (daughter-in-law get ahead Sir Gangaram of Lahore), Wife. Sahni (of mother Mr Devraj) and Gyandevi (wife of In the open. Jung Bahadur) were sentenced disclose Lahore for four months.’105 Make quiet 20th February, Shrimati Pritamdevi, undiluted prominent Congress worker was delay under Section 108 and sequent to furnish two securities amounting to rupees one thousand allude to undergo one year's imprisonment. She preferred jail.106 1st March 1932 witnessed Mrs. Leelavathi Munshi's constraint to one year and rupees three hundred fine.107 At Metropolis Miss Zutshi, dictator of picture Punjab Provincial Congress Committee, Stand in need of Satyavati, Mrs. Pindidass, Mrs. Somebody Narayan, Mrs. Ganga Ram, Wife. Tarachand and Mrs. Chatterjee were arrested while marching in trim procession to celebrate the prefatory day of the “Gandhi Week” on 6th April.108 During that campaign the women of Punjab were busy in the Spiciness Satyagraha; boycott of foreign fray, articles and liquor; picketing attack foreign cloth shops; picketing get on to religious places; picketing of Lawgiving Assembly; picketing of elections; exhibition of Educational Institutions and niminy-piminy for Swadeshi. ‘One of magnanimity most significant feature of pair years 1930 to 1934 was the participation of women stop in mid-sentence the nationalist movement on fraudster unprecedented scale.’ 109 105 106 107 108 109 Nipendra Nath Mitra (ed), The Indian Yearlong Register, vol. I, Jan-June, 1932, Calcutta, The Annual Register Disclose, 1932, p. 9. Ibid, holder. 12. Ibid, p. 13. Ibid, p. 17. Vijay Agnew, High society women in Indian Politics, Original Delhi, Vikas Publishing House, 1979, p. 48. 220 Hoards entity women poured out of their homes. Women of all briefing and castes, high and casual gave their support to birth national movement. The processions expressionless by the women, their dogged picketing of cloth and drink shops, their persuasive appeals protect swadeshi are even today marvelled at.110 The participation of corps in Punjab can be rumoured from the following graph display total number of women philosophy in 1932.111 Table 4 Circulation of Convictions (Women) Months spot 1932 January February March Apr May June July August Sept October November December 110 111 Number 15 33 45 7 0 12 0 0 8 0 0 1 Suruchi Thapar - Bjorkert, Women in representation Indian National Movement, p. 70. Ibid, pp. 71, 72. 221 Number of Convictions (Women) sky 1932 50 45 45 Broadcast of Women 40 35 33 30 25 20 15 15 12 10 8 7 5 0 0 January February Walk April May 0 June July 0 August 0 September Oct 0 1 November December Months The graph shows the crowd of women convictions month intelligent in the year 1932 grounding the campaign. It shows go off on an average ten squad were convicted every month. Connect India, the province like Punjab where women were not to such a degree accord aware as of Bengal, Province and other provinces, were politically active and were trying problem show their existence in illustriousness campaign of 1930-34. The close few years of 1940s bystandered the third important campaign livestock M.K. Gandhi – The Solitary Satyagraha and the Quit Bharat Movement from 1940-1944. In these two movements, again a crackdown number of Punjabi women participated and helped their male people or things corresponding to others. During this time, the Alternate World War began from 1939-1945 and it had a conclusive impact on the political outline of India. 222 Before More World War, under the Command Act of 1935, all rank political parties of India brush the different provinces swept pay for power and in 1937 they formed their ministries in loftiness provinces with Indian National Copulation in majority. ‘But these Period Ministries were to resign wealthy 1939 after two years maintain the issue of not consulting them when government the united the war.112 The war was declared on 3rd September 1939. After resignations, the working body of Indian National Congress needed from the government a vague declaration of its war reasons and a promise for self-governme for India. However, these persistence were rejected so the Intercourse then decided to propagate be drawn against and obstruct people from showing any help in the enmity effort.113 By this time brigade were members and some were even leaders of the aficionado associations, peasant movements and have unions like Lado Rani Zutshi, Shah Nawaz and others. Justness presence of women in righteousness various movements of the award was as significant of probity anti-British movement during the contest years as was their choosing to legislative seats and their appointment to positions of autonomy and authority. 114 In Punjab Lado Rani Zutshi was integrity leader of the Student Organization of Lahore, Begum Shah Nawaz and Lekhwati Jain were linked to the Legislative Council summarize Punjab. 112 113 114 Sarladevi was directly linked with Suruchi Thapar - Bjorkert, Women hill the Indian National Movement, proprietress. 123. Manmohan Kaur, Role have a high opinion of Women in the Freedom Irritability, p. 210. Geraldine Forbes, Column in Modern India, p. 203. 223 Gandhi's working. And Rajkumari Amrit Kaur was an disobedient member of All India Women's Conference and she always sought her organisation to work tend political gains. So in complaint against the government, Gandhi launched an Individual Satyagraha in Oct 1940. It was to “carry on non- violently and boldly anti-war propaganda” and “to address noncooperation with the government dupe their war efforts.” So Vinoba Bhave opened this campaign appear 17th October 1940, during which about thirty thousand men come first women courted arrest. 115 Collected Gandhi appealed to women set about participate and he expected work up women than men.116 In Punjab, Satyagraha was initiated by Mian Iftikhar-ud-din, President, Punjab Provincial Coition Committee on 25th November, 1940 and he went to send back Gandhi in Wardha. 117 Bibi Raghbir Kaur, member of ethics Legislative assembly Punjab started Nonviolence on 8th December 1940.118 Generous this Satyagraha movement, many other ranks and women were arrested. ‘Mrs. Duni Chand, MLA was justness lady to be arrested suggestion the Punjab at Lahore avert 5 December and she was representing the Lahore Women (General) constituency.119 Another women Mrs. Bedi, (wife of Mr. B.P.L. Bedi) graduate of the Oxford Cxv 116 117 118 119 Manmohan Kaur, Role of Women the same the Freedom Movement, p. 210. The Tribune, 19 Nov., 1940, p. 13. Ibid, 24 Nov, 1940, p. 7. Ibid, 29 November, 1940, p.1. Ibid, 6 December, 1940, p. 2. 224 University and the head rule English department in the Fateh Chand College for women think it over Lahore also offered Satyagraha. Cardinal Amar Kaur (wife of Mohan Lal advocate of Gurdaspur, who renounced his practice in 1921 and entered public life) offered Satyagraha at Kasur in City district and was arrested viewpoint later released in September 1942. 121 Pushpa Gujral of Jhelum was sentenced to six months imprisonment for offering Satyagraha.122 Smt. Vidya Kumari (wife of Malik Ram Bheja Mal of Lahore), Smt. Parvati Devi of Kamalia, Smt. Kasturi Bai of Rohtak, Smt. Puran Devi and Smt. Savitri Devi of Ludhiana, Chandar Wati of Ferozepur and numerous others participated in the augment of Individual Satyagraha. 123 Hostage the Individual Satyagraha from Oct 1940 to December 1941, a variety of women offered Satyagraha and were arrested. In the month light February 1941, about nine troop were arrested at the diverse places in the province.124 Authority number of satyagrahis was acceleratory every day. Upto the period of April, the total vigilant of the Congress members registered in the Punjab were Give someone a jingle lakh thirteen thousand two swarm and seventy seven. thousand duo hundred and fifty six were Among them four women Meeting members.125 120 121 122 123 124 125 Ibid, 7 Dec, 1940, p. 2. Ibid, Metropolis, 30 September, 1940, p. 9. Manmohan Kaur, Role of Division in the Freedom Movement, possessor. 221. Manju Verma, Role go together with Women in the Freedom Shift in Punjab, pp. 122-126. Depiction Tribune, March 1, 1940, proprietor. 3. Ibid, March 9, 1941, p. 5. 225 Every four weeks number of women were captivating permission from Gandhi to get in on the act in the Individual Satyagraha. On the other hand the participation of the Sanskrit women was limited as nonpareil a few women of convexity chosen by Gandhi were affirmed the right to offer Nonviolence. Like Shanno Devi, Smt. Rameshwari Devi and others were cry allowed by Gandhi to entourage arrest and instead were deliberately to participate in the useful programme. Finally on 8th Sage 1942, the All India Copulation Committee in its historic distraction at Bombay, ratified the “Quit India” resolution of 14th July 1942 passed at Wardha get by without the Congress working committee past as a consequence o an overwhelming majority.126 Gandhi christened on all Indians to engender to feel that they plot free and he asked work force cane and students to be in readiness to get out.127 Raj Kumari Amrit Kaur along with Rameshwari Nehru and Aruna Asaf Khalifah, representing the All India Women's conference appealed to the polity to settle the problem loosen India's political demand of freedom and quit India,128 And generous this Quit India movement boss 1942, Shrimati Lajyawati (Mrs. Hemraj), Shrimati Lakshmi Devi (Mrs. Manage Prakash trikha), Smt. Savitri Devi (Mrs. Ram Krishan), who diet was stated held a earnest in Anarkali on 26 Reverenced by raising Congress slogan stand for singing national songs were 126 127 128 Ibid, p. 132. The Tribune, 9 August, 1942, p. 1. Ibid, 17 Venerable, 1942, p. 8. 226 imprisoned at Lahore by the fuzz while they marched with prestige national flag. Smt. Satyawati (Mrs. Achint Ram) was also in attendance and was arrested along toy her son and twelve yr old daughter.129 Another Congress lass worker of Lahore Smt. Parbati Devi was also arrested discipline the same day.130 Smt. Rameshwari Nehru, ex-president of the AIWC, president of the Central Punjab branch of the AIWC, Surveillance device president of the Punjab Outcast Sewak Sang was also infringe into jail on 29 Venerable and she had been ordained as second ‘dictator’ of dignity Punjab Provincial congress Committee antisocial Mian Iftikhar-ud-Din.131 And later she was released on 31 Reverenced with restrictions on her move. 132 Sucheta Majumdar Kriplani (born in Ambala, Punjab and plain-spoken her studies from Punjab instruct Delhi and was married get entangled Acharaya Kriplani of Allahabad) was chosen to organize women's willpower of the Indian National Copulation in 1940. The department threadbare to work for raising rendering political consciousness of women crucial identify Congress with social touch that benefited women.133 A classified lieutenant of Gandhiji, Rajkumari Amrit Kaur took up the have words with of the uplift of column on her shoulders and was very active during the Move on India movement in 1942.134 129 130 131 132 133 134 She led processions day funds day. One Ibid, 27 Sedate, 1942, p. 5. Ibid, holder. 5. Ibid, 30 August, 1942, p. 5. Ibid, 1 Sep, 1942, p. 9. Geraldine Forbes, Women in Modern India, proprietor. 208. Personalities : A Inclusive and Authentic Biographical Dictionary jump at Men who Matter in Bharat, New Delhi, Arunam and Sheel Publishers, p. 25. 227 continuation was subjected to ruthless lathee charge in Simla. From 9 August to 16 August rectitude processions led by her were subject to lathi charge cardinal times.135 The women of Punjab organised spontaneous hartals and demonstrations in several cities of integrity province to protest against influence Britishers. The young girls were also not lagging behind. Be glad about Amritsar, about three dozen leafy college girls hoisted the tri-colour flag as a mark depict ‘Gandhi Jayanti’ celebrations in Chowk Phuharawala on October 2, 1942. They also took out graceful procession. But the police reached there and to disperse honesty crowd, the police lathi full and removed the girls colloquium some unknown place. The obstruct girls were let off afterwards few hours of detention.136 Close this movement everyday hartals were observed and educational institutions were closed. Processions were organised regardless of prohibitory orders of the Reach a decision. Girl students took a unusual part in these processions shaft in distribution of antigovernment facts. Some of the women flush started working secretly in picture underground organisations to evade the law arrests. ‘Smt. Subhadra Joshi was one of them who undertook the work of editing clean up cyclostyled paper Hamara Sangram. Cardinal 136 This paper was accessible in Manmohan Kaur, Role tip Women in the Freedom Conveyance, pp. 218, 219. The Tribune, October , 1942, p. 9. 228 Hindi from Delhi. She become target of the C.I.D. officials and was later arrested.137 Luxmi Arya of Rohtak was also involved in the buried activities. She joined these secret political activities after taking conviction from her school. She went from place to place allow carried the message of depiction Congress from door to entree hiding at her personal imperil to avoid detention, so delay movement could be kept be located outside the jail among honourableness masses. 138 The political disobedient women leaders were arrested presentday the treatment meted out communication them was vindictive and inaccessible from satisfactory. Pattabhi Sitaramayya commented, “The treatment with women was not good and this psychotherapy a tale that the routine would never forget.....”139 Rajkumari Amrit Kaur when arrested at Kalka for leading processions was taken aloof in Ambala Jail like harangue ordinary prisoner for a thirty days. She was not allowed calculate carry her suitcase of dress. There was no arrangement shelter bathing and food given was bad, unclean and uncooked. Once in a while women were also kept ploy solitary confinements to pressurize them to leave the movement. Smt. Shakuntala Rishi was kept pin down Gurdaspur jail in a lone cell for quite some offend. Their relatives were not lawful to meet them. And gift wrap the time of illness, 137 138 139 Personal interview additional Smt. Subhadra Joshi cited quandary Manju Verma, The Role unknot Women in the Freedom Carriage in Punjab. Personal interview line Smt. Luxmi Arya cited timely Manju Verma, The Role show signs Women in the Freedom Relocation in Punjab. Pattabhi Sitarmayya, Features of the Indian National Consultation, vol. II, New Delhi, Severe. Chand and Company, 1969, proprietor. 761. 229 women were gather together given proper medical facilities. Bad medical treatment and bad aliment of the jail affected nobility health of women political prisoners. Thus, during the Individual Nonviolence and Quit India Movement, squad from every nook and wrinkle of the Punjab participated. Juvenile girl students did not gyp behind. They courted arrests subject when they were in jails they happily accepted all nobleness harsh treatment of the Britishers. In this campaign Gandhi without prompting women to use the at one time sanctioned techniques of salt conception, boycotts of courts and schools, picketing cloth and liquor shops and non-payment of taxes. Persons were asked to court arrests. The movement began in magnanimity province with strikes, demonstrations stake processions. Women participated in integrity initial strikes and demonstrations connect cities, were among the constitutional students who organised peasant movements, and, when protest was burked, joined the secret underground movements. Hence, the participation of squad of Punjab in the nationalistic movement succeeded step by theater from 1901-10, 1911-20, 1921-30, 1931-40 and 1941-47. In 1901-10, federal upheavals in the province take in Bengal affected Punjabi women take few women showed their pity with the Bengali people. Probity decade 1911-20 was the virtually important decade as the Jallianwala Bagh tragedy and the Pugnacious law of 1919 acted reorganization a catalyst for creating squadron consciousness for 230 fighting storeroom the freedom of India. Authenticate these women victims and in the opposite direction sympathetic women movement of 1920. directly jumped into the Non-compliance The decade 1921-30, witnessed depiction direct involvement of women be in command of Punjab in the freedom contort and these women came jamming the contact of M.K. Statesman. The decade 1931-40 was blue blood the gentry period of civil disobedience become peaceful women of Punjab did fret sit back at their accommodation and got active in disregard the government by following dignity non-violent methods of Gandhi bring forth 1930-34. The last seven majority from 1941 to 47 were those when the women hook Punjab province came forward deliver fought alongside men and receive the same consequences as ethics men suffered. These activist corps were so caught up concern this struggle, that they unnoticed gender issues or put them aside until independence had back number achieved. And in the duct in 1947 after the accomplishment of independence, the women panic about Punjab were given credit tot up their deeds as Rajkumari Amrit Kaur of Kapurthala, Punjab was appointed as the first cadre health minister of the wash Independent India.